For other information, see the Ghostscript overview.
This document describes the Ghostscript library, a set of procedures to implement the graphics and filtering capabilities that are primitive operations in the PostScript language and in Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF).
Ghostscript is actually two programs: a language interpreter, and a graphics library. The library provides, in the form of C procedures, all the graphics functions of the language, that is, approximately those facilities listed in section 8.1 of the PostScript Language Reference Manual, starting with the graphics state operators. In addition, the library provides some lower-level graphics facilities that offer higher performance in exchange for less generality.
The highest level of the library, which is the one that most clients will use, directly implements the PostScript graphics operators with procedures named gs_XXX, for instance gs_moveto and gs_fill. Nearly all of these procedures take graphics state objects as their first arguments, such as
int gs_moveto(gs_state *, double, double);
Nearly every procedure returns an integer code which is >= 0 for a successful return or <0 for a failure. The failure codes correspond directly to PostScript errors, and are defined in gserrors.h.
The library implements all the operators in the following sections of the PostScript Language Reference Manual, with the indicated omissions and with the APIs defined in the indicated .h files. A header of the form A.h(B.h) indicates that A.h is included in B.h, so A.h need not be included explicitly if B.h is included. Operators marked with * in the "omissions" column are not implemented directly; the library provides lower-level procedures that can be used to implement the operator.
There are slight differences in the operators that return multiple values, since C's provisions for this are awkward. Also, the control structure for the operators involving callback procedures (pathforall, image, colorimage, imagemask) is partly inverted: the client calls a procedure to set up an enumerator object, and then calls another procedure for each iteration. The ...show operators, charpath, and stringwidth also use an inverted control structure.
Section
(operators)Headers Omissions
Graphics state -- device-independent gscolor.h(gsstate.h)
gscolor1.h
gscolor2.h
gscspace.h
gshsb.h
gsline.h(gsstate.h)
gsstate.hGraphics state -- device-dependent gscolor.h(gsstate.h)
gscolor1.h
gscolor2.h
gsht.h(gsht1.h,gsstate.h)
gsht1.h
gsline.h(gsstate.h)Coordinate system and matrix gscoord.h
gsmatrix.h*matrix, *identmatrix, *concatmatrix, *invertmatrix Path construction gspath.h
gspath2.h*arct, *pathforall, ustrokepath, uappend, upath, ucache Painting gsimage.h
gspaint.h
gspath2.h*image, *colorimage, *imagemask, ufill, ueofill, ustroke Form and pattern gscolor2.h execform Device setup and output gsdevice.h *showpage, *set/currentpagedevice Character and font gschar.h
gsfont.h*(all the show operators), definefont, undefinefont, findfont, *scalefont, *makefont, selectfont, [Global]FontDirectory, Standard/ISOLatin1Encoding, findencoding
The following procedures from the list above operate differently from their PostScript operator counterparts, as explained here:
This level of the library also implements the following operators from other sections of the Manual:
Section
(operators)Headers Operators
Interpreter parameter gsfont.h cachestatus, setcachelimit, *set/currentcacheparams Display PostScript gsstate.h set/currenthalftonephase
In order to obtain the full PostScript Level 2 functionality listed above, FEATURE_DEVS must be set in the makefile to include at least the following:
FEATURE_DEVS=patcore.dev cmykcore.dev psl2core.dev dps2core.dev ciecore.dev path1core.dev hsbcore.dev
The *lib.mak makefiles mentioned below do not always include all of these features.
Files named gs*.c implement the higher level of the graphics library. As might be expected, all procedures, variables, and structures available at this level begin with "gs_". Structures that appear in these interfaces, but whose definitions may be hidden from clients, also have names beginning with "gs_", that is, the prefix, not the implementation, reflects at what level the abstraction is made available.
Patterns are the most complicated PostScript language objects that the library API deals with. As in PostScript, defining a pattern color and using the color are two separate operations.
gs_makepattern defines a pattern color. Its arguments are as follows:
gs_client_color * The resulting Pattern color is stored here. This is different from PostScript, which has no color objects per se, and hence returns a modified copy of the dictionary. const gs_client_pattern * The analogue of the original Pattern dictionary, described in detail just below. const gs_matrix * Corresponds to the matrix argument of the makepattern operator. gs_state * The current graphics state. gs_memory_t * The allocator to use for allocating the saved data for the Pattern color. If this is NULL, gs_makepattern uses the same allocator that allocated the graphics state. Library clients should probably always use NULL.
The gs_client_pattern structure defined in gscolor2.h corresponds to the Pattern dictionary that is the argument to the PostScript language makepattern operator. This structure has one extra member, void *client_data, which is a place for clients to store a pointer to additional data for the PaintProc; this provides the same functionality as putting additional keys in the Pattern dictionary at the PostScript language level. The PaintProc is an ordinary C procedure that takes as parameters a gs_client_color *, which is the Pattern color that is being used for painting, and a gs_state *, which is the same graphics state that would be presented to the PaintProc in PostScript. Currently the gs_client_color * is always the current color in the graphics state, but the PaintProc should not rely on this. The PaintProc can retrieve the gs_client_pattern * from the gs_client_color * with the gs_getpattern procedure, also defined in gscolor2.h, and from there, it can retrieve the client_data pointer.
The normal way to set a Pattern color is to call gs_setpattern with the graphics state and with the gs_client_color returned by gs_makepattern. After that, one can use gs_setcolor to set further Pattern colors (colored, or uncolored with the same underlying color space); the rules are the same as those in PostScript. Note that for gs_setpattern, the paint.values in the gs_client_color must be filled in for uncolored patterns; this corresponds to the additional arguments for the PostScript setpattern operator in the uncolored case.
There is a special procedure gs_makebitmappattern for creating bitmap-based patterns. Its API is documented in gscolor2.h; its implementation, in gspcolor.c, may be useful as an example of a pattern using a particularly simple PaintProc.
Files named gx*.c implement the lower level of the graphics library. The interfaces at the gx level are less stable, and expose more of the implementation detail, than those at the gs level: in particular, the gx interfaces generally use device coordinates in an internal fixed-point representation, as opposed to the gs interfaces that use floating point user coordinates. Named entities at this level begin with gx_.
Files named gz*.c and gz*.h are internal to the Ghostscript implementation, and are not designed to be called by clients.
The file gslib.c in the Ghostscript fileset is a complete example program that initializes the library and produces output using it; files named *lib.mak (such as ugcclib.mak and bclib.mak) are makefiles using gslib.c as the main program. The following annotated excerpts from this file are intended to provide a roadmap for applications that call the library.
/* Capture stdin/out/err before gs.h redefines them. */
#include <stdio.h>
static FILE *real_stdin, *real_stdout, *real_stderr;
static void
get_real(void)
{ real_stdin = stdin, real_stdout = stdout, real_stderr = stderr;
}Any application using Ghostscript should include the fragment above at the very beginning of the main program.
#include "gx.h"
The gx.h header includes a wealth of declarations related to the Ghostscript memory manager, portability machinery, debugging framework, and other substrate facilities. Any application file that calls any Ghostscript API functions should probably include gx.h.
/* Configuration information imported from gconfig.c. */
extern gx_device *gx_device_list[];
/* Other imported procedures */
/* from gsinit.c */
extern void gs_lib_init(P1(FILE *));
extern void gs_lib_finit(P2(int, int));
/* from gsalloc.c */
extern gs_ref_memory_t *ialloc_alloc_state(P2(gs_memory_t *, uint));The externs above are needed for initializing the library.
gs_ref_memory_t *imem;
#define mem ((gs_memory_t *)imem)
gs_state *pgs;
gx_device *dev = gx_device_list[0];
gp_init();
get_real();
gs_stdin = real_stdin;
gs_stdout = real_stdout;
gs_stderr = real_stderr;
gs_lib_init(stdout);
....
imem = ialloc_alloc_state(&gs_memory_default, 20000);
imem->space = 0;
....
pgs = gs_state_alloc(mem);The code above initializes the library and its memory manager. pgs now points to the graphics state that will be passed to the drawing routines in the library.
gs_setdevice_no_erase(pgs, dev); /* can't erase yet */
{ gs_point dpi;
gs_screen_halftone ht;
gs_dtransform(pgs, 72.0, 72.0, &dpi);
ht.frequency = min(fabs(dpi.x), fabs(dpi.y)) / 16.001;
ht.angle = 0;
ht.spot_function = odsf;
gs_setscreen(pgs, &ht);
}The code above initializes the default device and sets a default halftone screen. (For brevity, we have omitted the definition of odsf, the spot function.)
/* gsave and grestore (among other places) assume that */
/* there are at least 2 gstates on the graphics stack. */
/* Ensure that now. */
gs_gsave(pgs);The call above completes initializing the graphics state. When the program is finished, it should execute:
gs_lib_finit(0, 0);
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998 Aladdin Enterprises. All rights reserved.
This file is part of AFPL Ghostscript. See the Aladdin Free Public License (the "License") for full details of the terms of using, copying, modifying, and redistributing AFPL Ghostscript.
Ghostscript version 7.03, 20 October 2001